INI

Categories of Human Rights - INI

Fundamental human rights stipulated in Chapter 3 of the Constitution of Japan are broadly classified into five categories: freedom rights, equality rights, social rights, political rights, and claim rights. Additionally, there are 'new human rights' that have been recognized over time with societal changes. These classifications are systematically organized based on the relationship between the state and individuals (freedom from the state, freedom through the state, and freedom toward the state).

Constitution of Japan fundamental human rights freedom rights social rights political rights claim rights equality rights law civics

[item.freedom-rights]
code=01
slug=freedom-rights
name=Freedom Rights
description=Rights to think and act freely without interference from the state.
constitutionalArticles=["19","20","21","22","23","27"]
subCategories=[{"name":"Freedom of Spirit","articles":["19","20","21","23"]},{"name":"Personal Freedom","articles":["33","34","35","36"]},{"name":"Economic Freedom","articles":["22","29"]}]

[item.equality-rights]
code=02
slug=equality-rights
name=Equality Rights
description=Rights to be treated equally under the law without discrimination.
constitutionalArticles=["14","24"]
subCategories=[{"name":"Equality Under the Law","articles":["14"]},{"name":"Equality of the Sexes","articles":["24"]}]

[item.social-rights]
code=03
slug=social-rights
name=Social Rights
description=Rights to have the state guarantee a humane standard of living.
constitutionalArticles=["25","26","27","28"]
subCategories=[{"name":"Right to Life","articles":["25"]},{"name":"Right to Education","articles":["26"]},{"name":"Right to Work","articles":["27"]},{"name":"Fundamental Labor Rights","articles":["28"]}]

[item.political-rights]
code=04
slug=political-rights
name=Political Rights
description=Rights to participate in national governance.
constitutionalArticles=["15","79","95","96"]
subCategories=[{"name":"Right to Vote and Stand for Election","articles":["15"]},{"name":"Right to Review Justices","articles":["79"]},{"name":"Right to Local Referendum","articles":["95"]},{"name":"Right to Constitutional Amendment Referendum","articles":["96"]}]

[item.claim-rights]
code=05
slug=claim-rights
name=Claim Rights
description=Rights to demand certain provision or action from the state.
constitutionalArticles=["16","17","32","40"]
subCategories=[{"name":"Right to Petition","articles":["16"]},{"name":"Right to Trial","articles":["32"]},{"name":"Right to State Compensation","articles":["17"]},{"name":"Right to Criminal Compensation","articles":["40"]}]

[item.new-human-rights]
code=06
slug=new-human-rights
name=New Human Rights
description=Rights that have been newly recognized with changing times.
constitutionalArticles=["13"]
subCategories=[{"name":"Right to Privacy","articles":["13"]},{"name":"Right to Know","articles":["13","21"]},{"name":"Right to Environment","articles":["13","25"]},{"name":"Right to Self-Determination","articles":["13"]}]