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Philosophical Schools - JSON

Philosophical schools represent major intellectual movements in Western philosophy that took different positions on the sources of knowledge, methodology, and understanding of human existence. Beginning with the 17th-century Rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) and 18th-century Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume), these schools were critically synthesized by Kant's critical philosophy. From the 19th to 20th centuries, Existentialism (Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus) emphasizing individual freedom and choice, Analytic Philosophy (Russell, Wittgenstein) focusing on language and logical analysis, and Structuralism (Saussure, Levi-Strauss) exploring underlying structures in culture and language emerged, profoundly influencing contemporary thought.

philosophy rationalism empiricism existentialism analytic philosophy structuralism western philosophy history of ideas

[
  {
    "code": "01",
    "slug": "rationalism",
    "name": "Rationalism",
    "description": "A philosophical school that regards reason and logic as the source of knowledge.",
    "period": "17th Century",
    "keyPhilosophers": [
      "Descartes",
      "Spinoza",
      "Leibniz"
    ],
    "coreConcept": "Cogito, ergo sum"
  },
  {
    "code": "02",
    "slug": "empiricism",
    "name": "Empiricism",
    "description": "A philosophical school that regards sensory experience as the only source of knowledge.",
    "period": "18th Century",
    "keyPhilosophers": [
      "Locke",
      "Berkeley",
      "Hume"
    ],
    "coreConcept": "Tabula rasa"
  },
  {
    "code": "03",
    "slug": "existentialism",
    "name": "Existentialism",
    "description": "A philosophical school that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice.",
    "period": "19th-20th Century",
    "keyPhilosophers": [
      "Kierkegaard",
      "Sartre",
      "Camus",
      "Heidegger"
    ],
    "coreConcept": "Existence precedes essence"
  },
  {
    "code": "04",
    "slug": "analytic-philosophy",
    "name": "Analytic Philosophy",
    "description": "A philosophical school that aims for clear discourse through the analysis of language and logic.",
    "period": "20th Century",
    "keyPhilosophers": [
      "Frege",
      "Russell",
      "Wittgenstein",
      "Moore"
    ],
    "coreConcept": "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent"
  },
  {
    "code": "05",
    "slug": "structuralism",
    "name": "Structuralism",
    "description": "A school that explores universal structures underlying culture and language.",
    "period": "20th Century",
    "keyPhilosophers": [
      "Saussure",
      "Levi-Strauss"
    ],
    "coreConcept": "Binary opposition and meaning through difference"
  }
]