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Radioactive Isotopes and Their Half-Lives - JSON
Radioactive isotopes (radionuclides) are isotopes with unstable nuclei that transform into other elements while emitting radiation. Half-life refers to the time required for the amount of radioactive material to decrease to half its initial value, spanning an extremely wide range from milliseconds to billions of years. This dataset comprehensively covers major radioactive isotopes and their half-lives used in various fields including medicine, industry, environmental science, and archaeology.
radioactive isotopes
half-life
radiation
nucleus
decay
nuclear medicine
radiometric dating
[
{
"code": "001",
"slug": "tellurium-128",
"name": "Tellurium-128",
"symbol": "Te-128",
"atomicNumber": 52,
"massNumber": 128,
"halfLife": {
"value": 2.2,
"unit": "×10²⁴ years",
"seconds": 6.94e+31
},
"decayMode": "double beta decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "The radioactive isotope with the longest known half-life."
},
{
"code": "002",
"slug": "xenon-136",
"name": "Xenon-136",
"symbol": "Xe-136",
"atomicNumber": 54,
"massNumber": 136,
"halfLife": {
"value": 2.38,
"unit": "×10²¹ years",
"seconds": 7.51e+28
},
"decayMode": "double beta decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "A noble gas isotope that undergoes double beta decay."
},
{
"code": "003",
"slug": "thorium-232",
"name": "Thorium-232",
"symbol": "Th-232",
"atomicNumber": 90,
"massNumber": 232,
"halfLife": {
"value": 1.41,
"unit": "×10¹⁰ years",
"seconds": 445000000000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "The parent nuclide of the thorium series, abundantly present on Earth."
},
{
"code": "004",
"slug": "uranium-238",
"name": "Uranium-238",
"symbol": "U-238",
"atomicNumber": 92,
"massNumber": 238,
"halfLife": {
"value": 4.47,
"unit": "×10⁹ years",
"seconds": 141000000000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "The main component of natural uranium and parent nuclide of the uranium series."
},
{
"code": "005",
"slug": "potassium-40",
"name": "Potassium-40",
"symbol": "K-40",
"atomicNumber": 19,
"massNumber": 40,
"halfLife": {
"value": 1.26,
"unit": "×10⁹ years",
"seconds": 39800000000000000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay / electron capture",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "A radioactive isotope of potassium widely used for rock dating."
},
{
"code": "006",
"slug": "uranium-235",
"name": "Uranium-235",
"symbol": "U-235",
"atomicNumber": 92,
"massNumber": 235,
"halfLife": {
"value": 7.04,
"unit": "×10⁸ years",
"seconds": 22200000000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "Fissile material and the primary fuel for nuclear power generation."
},
{
"code": "007",
"slug": "plutonium-244",
"name": "Plutonium-244",
"symbol": "Pu-244",
"atomicNumber": 94,
"massNumber": 244,
"halfLife": {
"value": 8.26,
"unit": "×10⁷ years",
"seconds": 2610000000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "transuranic",
"description": "The plutonium isotope with the longest half-life."
},
{
"code": "008",
"slug": "iodine-129",
"name": "Iodine-129",
"symbol": "I-129",
"atomicNumber": 53,
"massNumber": 129,
"halfLife": {
"value": 1.57,
"unit": "×10⁷ years",
"seconds": 495000000000000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "fission-product",
"description": "A long-lived fission product used for geological dating."
},
{
"code": "009",
"slug": "aluminum-26",
"name": "Aluminum-26",
"symbol": "Al-26",
"atomicNumber": 13,
"massNumber": 26,
"halfLife": {
"value": 7.17,
"unit": "×10⁵ years",
"seconds": 22600000000000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay / electron capture",
"category": "cosmogenic",
"description": "Produced by cosmic rays and used for meteorite dating."
},
{
"code": "010",
"slug": "carbon-14",
"name": "Carbon-14",
"symbol": "C-14",
"atomicNumber": 6,
"massNumber": 14,
"halfLife": {
"value": 5730,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 181000000000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "cosmogenic",
"description": "The most famous isotope that forms the basis of radiocarbon dating."
},
{
"code": "011",
"slug": "plutonium-239",
"name": "Plutonium-239",
"symbol": "Pu-239",
"atomicNumber": 94,
"massNumber": 239,
"halfLife": {
"value": 24100,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 761000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "transuranic",
"description": "Fissile material used in both nuclear power and weapons."
},
{
"code": "012",
"slug": "americium-241",
"name": "Americium-241",
"symbol": "Am-241",
"atomicNumber": 95,
"massNumber": 241,
"halfLife": {
"value": 432.2,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 13600000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "transuranic",
"description": "An artificial radioactive element widely used in smoke detectors."
},
{
"code": "013",
"slug": "radium-226",
"name": "Radium-226",
"symbol": "Ra-226",
"atomicNumber": 88,
"massNumber": 226,
"halfLife": {
"value": 1600,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 50500000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "A famous radioactive element discovered by Marie Curie, once used in medicine."
},
{
"code": "014",
"slug": "cesium-137",
"name": "Cesium-137",
"symbol": "Cs-137",
"atomicNumber": 55,
"massNumber": 137,
"halfLife": {
"value": 30.17,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 952000000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "fission-product",
"description": "A fission product used in medicine and industry, but also a concern for environmental contamination."
},
{
"code": "015",
"slug": "strontium-90",
"name": "Strontium-90",
"symbol": "Sr-90",
"atomicNumber": 38,
"massNumber": 90,
"halfLife": {
"value": 28.8,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 909000000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "fission-product",
"description": "A fission product that easily accumulates in bones, important for environmental monitoring."
},
{
"code": "016",
"slug": "tritium",
"name": "Tritium",
"symbol": "H-3",
"atomicNumber": 1,
"massNumber": 3,
"halfLife": {
"value": 12.3,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 388000000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "cosmogenic",
"description": "A radioactive isotope of hydrogen used in fusion research and luminous watch dials."
},
{
"code": "017",
"slug": "cobalt-60",
"name": "Cobalt-60",
"symbol": "Co-60",
"atomicNumber": 27,
"massNumber": 60,
"halfLife": {
"value": 5.27,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 166000000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "An artificial radioactive isotope widely used as a radiation source for cancer treatment."
},
{
"code": "018",
"slug": "iridium-192",
"name": "Iridium-192",
"symbol": "Ir-192",
"atomicNumber": 77,
"massNumber": 192,
"halfLife": {
"value": 73.8,
"unit": "days",
"seconds": 6380000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "A gamma source widely used for industrial radiographic testing."
},
{
"code": "019",
"slug": "iodine-131",
"name": "Iodine-131",
"symbol": "I-131",
"atomicNumber": 53,
"massNumber": 131,
"halfLife": {
"value": 8.04,
"unit": "days",
"seconds": 695000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "fission-product",
"description": "A nuclear medicine radioisotope used for thyroid diagnosis and treatment."
},
{
"code": "020",
"slug": "molybdenum-99",
"name": "Molybdenum-99",
"symbol": "Mo-99",
"atomicNumber": 42,
"massNumber": 99,
"halfLife": {
"value": 65.9,
"unit": "hours",
"seconds": 237000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "fission-product",
"description": "The parent nuclide of Technetium-99m, forming the foundation of nuclear medicine diagnostics."
},
{
"code": "021",
"slug": "technetium-99m",
"name": "Technetium-99m",
"symbol": "Tc-99m",
"atomicNumber": 43,
"massNumber": 99,
"halfLife": {
"value": 6.01,
"unit": "hours",
"seconds": 21600
},
"decayMode": "isomeric transition",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "The most widely used radioisotope in nuclear medicine diagnostics."
},
{
"code": "022",
"slug": "fluorine-18",
"name": "Fluorine-18",
"symbol": "F-18",
"atomicNumber": 9,
"massNumber": 18,
"halfLife": {
"value": 109.8,
"unit": "minutes",
"seconds": 6588
},
"decayMode": "positron emission",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "A positron-emitting nuclide used in PET scans."
},
{
"code": "023",
"slug": "radon-222",
"name": "Radon-222",
"symbol": "Rn-222",
"atomicNumber": 86,
"massNumber": 222,
"halfLife": {
"value": 3.82,
"unit": "days",
"seconds": 330000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "A naturally occurring radioactive gas that causes indoor air pollution."
},
{
"code": "024",
"slug": "polonium-210",
"name": "Polonium-210",
"symbol": "Po-210",
"atomicNumber": 84,
"massNumber": 210,
"halfLife": {
"value": 138.4,
"unit": "days",
"seconds": 12000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "Emits strong alpha radiation and was once used in static eliminators."
},
{
"code": "025",
"slug": "bismuth-213",
"name": "Bismuth-213",
"symbol": "Bi-213",
"atomicNumber": 83,
"massNumber": 213,
"halfLife": {
"value": 45.6,
"unit": "minutes",
"seconds": 2736
},
"decayMode": "beta decay / alpha decay",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "An alpha source used in targeted alpha therapy for cancer treatment."
},
{
"code": "026",
"slug": "actinium-225",
"name": "Actinium-225",
"symbol": "Ac-225",
"atomicNumber": 89,
"massNumber": 225,
"halfLife": {
"value": 9.9,
"unit": "days",
"seconds": 855000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "A promising radioisotope used in targeted alpha therapy."
},
{
"code": "027",
"slug": "lutetium-177",
"name": "Lutetium-177",
"symbol": "Lu-177",
"atomicNumber": 71,
"massNumber": 177,
"halfLife": {
"value": 6.65,
"unit": "days",
"seconds": 575000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "A beta source used for treating neuroendocrine tumors."
},
{
"code": "028",
"slug": "yttrium-90",
"name": "Yttrium-90",
"symbol": "Y-90",
"atomicNumber": 39,
"massNumber": 90,
"halfLife": {
"value": 64.1,
"unit": "hours",
"seconds": 231000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "fission-product",
"description": "A beta source used for liver cancer treatment (SIRT)."
},
{
"code": "029",
"slug": "phosphorus-32",
"name": "Phosphorus-32",
"symbol": "P-32",
"atomicNumber": 15,
"massNumber": 32,
"halfLife": {
"value": 14.3,
"unit": "days",
"seconds": 1240000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "Used for malignant tumor treatment and biological research."
},
{
"code": "030",
"slug": "sodium-24",
"name": "Sodium-24",
"symbol": "Na-24",
"atomicNumber": 11,
"massNumber": 24,
"halfLife": {
"value": 15,
"unit": "hours",
"seconds": 54000
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "Used for blood flow measurement and industrial flow measurement."
},
{
"code": "031",
"slug": "gallium-68",
"name": "Gallium-68",
"symbol": "Ga-68",
"atomicNumber": 31,
"massNumber": 68,
"halfLife": {
"value": 68,
"unit": "minutes",
"seconds": 4080
},
"decayMode": "positron emission",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "A positron-emitting nuclide used in PET scans."
},
{
"code": "032",
"slug": "copper-64",
"name": "Copper-64",
"symbol": "Cu-64",
"atomicNumber": 29,
"massNumber": 64,
"halfLife": {
"value": 12.7,
"unit": "hours",
"seconds": 45720
},
"decayMode": "beta decay / positron emission / electron capture",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "A versatile nuclide used for both PET imaging and radionuclide therapy."
},
{
"code": "033",
"slug": "astatine-211",
"name": "Astatine-211",
"symbol": "At-211",
"atomicNumber": 85,
"massNumber": 211,
"halfLife": {
"value": 7.2,
"unit": "hours",
"seconds": 25920
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay / electron capture",
"category": "artificial",
"description": "A rare halogen element used in targeted alpha therapy."
},
{
"code": "034",
"slug": "lead-212",
"name": "Lead-212",
"symbol": "Pb-212",
"atomicNumber": 82,
"massNumber": 212,
"halfLife": {
"value": 10.6,
"unit": "hours",
"seconds": 38160
},
"decayMode": "beta decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "An intermediate nuclide of the thorium series used in targeted radionuclide therapy."
},
{
"code": "035",
"slug": "thorium-229",
"name": "Thorium-229",
"symbol": "Th-229",
"atomicNumber": 90,
"massNumber": 229,
"halfLife": {
"value": 7340,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 232000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "A thorium isotope used in nuclear clock research."
},
{
"code": "036",
"slug": "protactinium-231",
"name": "Protactinium-231",
"symbol": "Pa-231",
"atomicNumber": 91,
"massNumber": 231,
"halfLife": {
"value": 32760,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 1030000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "naturally-occurring",
"description": "A long-lived radionuclide used for dating ocean circulation."
},
{
"code": "037",
"slug": "neptunium-237",
"name": "Neptunium-237",
"symbol": "Np-237",
"atomicNumber": 93,
"massNumber": 237,
"halfLife": {
"value": 2.14,
"unit": "×10⁶ years",
"seconds": 67500000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "transuranic",
"description": "The parent nuclide of the neptunium series, present in spent nuclear fuel."
},
{
"code": "038",
"slug": "curium-247",
"name": "Curium-247",
"symbol": "Cm-247",
"atomicNumber": 96,
"massNumber": 247,
"halfLife": {
"value": 1.56,
"unit": "×10⁷ years",
"seconds": 492000000000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "transuranic",
"description": "The curium isotope with the longest half-life."
},
{
"code": "039",
"slug": "einsteinium-252",
"name": "Einsteinium-252",
"symbol": "Es-252",
"atomicNumber": 99,
"massNumber": 252,
"halfLife": {
"value": 471.7,
"unit": "days",
"seconds": 40800000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "transuranic",
"description": "The einsteinium isotope with the longest half-life."
},
{
"code": "040",
"slug": "californium-251",
"name": "Californium-251",
"symbol": "Cf-251",
"atomicNumber": 98,
"massNumber": 251,
"halfLife": {
"value": 898,
"unit": "years",
"seconds": 28300000000
},
"decayMode": "alpha decay",
"category": "transuranic",
"description": "The californium isotope with the longest half-life."
}
]