TOML

Basic Tastes in Cooking - TOML

Basic tastes in cooking are classifications of fundamental tastes that can be perceived by the human tongue. Modern culinary science recognizes five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. Each of these tastes serves different physiological roles and serves as important guidelines for ingredient selection, cooking methods, and flavor balance. Umami, in particular, was discovered by Dr. Kikunae Ikeda in 1908 and officially recognized as the fifth basic taste in 2009.

cooking taste basic tastes umami seasoning food culture

[[items]]
code = "01"
slug = "sweet"
name = "Sweet"
description = "Sweet taste from sugars. Serves as an indicator for energy intake."
keyIngredients = "[\"Sugar\",\"Honey\",\"Fruits\",\"Maple syrup\",\"Coconut sugar\"]"
physiologicalRole = "Promotes intake of energy sources"
discoverer = ""
discoveryYear = ""
note = ""

[[items]]
code = "02"
slug = "sour"
name = "Sour"
description = "Sour taste from acids. Serves as a warning against spoilage or unripeness."
keyIngredients = "[\"Lemon\",\"Vinegar\",\"Citrus fruits\",\"Plum\",\"Yogurt\",\"Tomato\"]"
physiologicalRole = "Protective function warning against spoilage or unripeness"
discoverer = ""
discoveryYear = ""
note = ""

[[items]]
code = "03"
slug = "salty"
name = "Salty"
description = "Salty taste from sodium chloride. Serves as an indicator for mineral replenishment."
keyIngredients = "[\"Salt\",\"Soy sauce\",\"Miso\",\"Seafood\",\"Pickles\",\"Salted seafood\"]"
physiologicalRole = "Replenishment of essential minerals and maintenance of fluid balance"
discoverer = ""
discoveryYear = ""
note = ""

[[items]]
code = "04"
slug = "bitter"
name = "Bitter"
description = "Bitter taste from alkaloids, etc. Has a warning function against toxic substances."
keyIngredients = "[\"Coffee\",\"Beer\",\"Bitter melon\",\"Tea\",\"Cacao\",\"Celery\"]"
physiologicalRole = "Warning function to prevent intake of toxic substances"
discoverer = ""
discoveryYear = ""
note = ""

[[items]]
code = "05"
slug = "umami"
name = "Umami"
description = "Savory taste from glutamate, etc. Serves as an indicator for protein intake."
keyIngredients = "[\"Kelp\",\"Bonito flakes\",\"Shiitake mushrooms\",\"Tomato\",\"Cheese\",\"Soy sauce\",\"Miso\"]"
physiologicalRole = "Protein intake and digestion promotion"
discoverer = "池田菊苗 (Kikunae Ikeda)"
discoveryYear = 1908
note = ""

[[items]]
code = "06"
slug = "spicy"
name = "Spicy"
description = "Stimulating flavor perceived as pain/heat sensation. Not included in the five basic tastes."
keyIngredients = "[\"Chili peppers\",\"Wasabi\",\"Mustard\",\"Black pepper\",\"Ginger\",\"Sichuan pepper\"]"
physiologicalRole = "Metabolism promotion and sweating effect through pain stimulation"
discoverer = ""
discoveryYear = ""
note = "Not included in the five basic tastes but an important seasoning element in cooking"