TOML

Ethnic and Racial Classifications - TOML

Ethnic and Racial Classifications refers to traditional anthropological race classification systems used from the 18th to 20th centuries. Originating from German anatomist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach's five-race classification, major categories including Caucasoid (White), Mongoloid (Yellow), and Negroid (Black) were established. Modern genetics and anthropology have rejected the scientific basis of these classifications, understanding race not as a biological reality but as a socially and culturally constructed concept. However, this classification system remains valuable to understand in historical and cultural contexts.

anthropology race ethnicity history Blumenbach biological anthropology

[[items]]
code = "01"
slug = "caucasoid"
name = "Caucasoid"
description = "Traditional racial classification distributed in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and India."
alternativeNames = "[\"Caucasian\",\"White race\",\"Europid\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"Europe\",\"West Asia\",\"North Africa\",\"Indian subcontinent\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"Nordic\",\"Mediterranean\",\"Alpine\",\"Dinaric\",\"Armenoid\"]"

[[items]]
code = "02"
slug = "mongoloid"
name = "Mongoloid"
description = "Traditional racial classification distributed in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Americas, and Arctic regions."
alternativeNames = "[\"Mongolian race\",\"Yellow race\",\"Asian race\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"East Asia\",\"Southeast Asia\",\"North and South America\",\"Arctic regions\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"Northern Mongoloid\",\"Southeast Asian type\",\"Indigenous American type\",\"Arctic type\"]"

[[items]]
code = "03"
slug = "negroid"
name = "Negroid"
description = "Traditional racial classification distributed in sub-Saharan Africa."
alternativeNames = "[\"Black race\",\"African race\",\"Ethiopian race\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"Sub-Saharan Africa\",\"Oceania (partial)\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"African Negroid\",\"Nilotic\",\"Negrillo (Pygmy)\",\"Oceanic Negroid\"]"

[[items]]
code = "04"
slug = "australoid"
name = "Australoid"
description = "Traditional racial classification distributed among Australian Aboriginal peoples, Melanesia, and Papua New Guinea."
alternativeNames = "[\"Australian race\",\"Brown race\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"Australia\",\"Melanesia\",\"Papua New Guinea\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"Australian Aboriginal peoples\",\"Melanesians\",\"Papuans\"]"

[[items]]
code = "05"
slug = "capoid"
name = "Capoid"
description = "Traditional racial classification distributed among Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa."
alternativeNames = "[\"Khoisan race\",\"Capoid race\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"Southern Africa\",\"Botswana\",\"Namibia\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"Khoikhoi (Hottentot)\",\"San (Bushman)\"]"

[[items]]
code = "06"
slug = "amerindian"
name = "Amerindian"
description = "Traditional racial classification distributed among Indigenous peoples of the Americas."
alternativeNames = "[\"Native American\",\"American Indian\",\"American type\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"North America\",\"Central America\",\"South America\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"Na-Dene peoples\",\"Alaska Natives\",\"Andean Indigenous peoples\",\"Amazonian Indigenous peoples\"]"

[[items]]
code = "07"
slug = "african-ancestry"
name = "African Ancestry"
description = "Modern geographical and cultural classification referring to people of African continental origin."
alternativeNames = "[\"People of African descent\",\"African descent\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"African continent\",\"North America\",\"South America\",\"Caribbean region\",\"Europe\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"West African\",\"East African\",\"Central African\",\"Southern African\"]"

[[items]]
code = "08"
slug = "asian-ancestry"
name = "Asian Ancestry"
description = "Modern geographical and cultural classification referring to people of Asian continental origin."
alternativeNames = "[\"People of Asian descent\",\"Asian descent\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"East Asia\",\"Southeast Asia\",\"South Asia\",\"Central Asia\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"East Asian\",\"Southeast Asian\",\"South Asian\",\"Central Asian\"]"

[[items]]
code = "09"
slug = "european-ancestry"
name = "European Ancestry"
description = "Modern geographical and cultural classification referring to people of European continental origin."
alternativeNames = "[\"People of European descent\",\"White (social classification)\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"Europe\",\"North America\",\"South America\",\"Australia\",\"New Zealand\",\"South Africa\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"Northern European\",\"Western European\",\"Eastern European\",\"Southern European\"]"

[[items]]
code = "10"
slug = "middle-eastern-ancestry"
name = "Middle Eastern Ancestry"
description = "Modern geographical and cultural classification referring to people of Middle Eastern, West Asian, and North African origin."
alternativeNames = "[\"West Asian\",\"Middle Eastern and North African (MENA)\"]"
geographicDistribution = "[\"Middle East\",\"West Asia\",\"North Africa\"]"
historicalSubgroups = "[\"Arab\",\"Persian\",\"Turkic\",\"Kurdish\"]"