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Gemstone Varieties and Hardness - JSON

Gemstone varieties and hardness are important indicators for jewelry selection and storage. The Mohs hardness scale, introduced by Friedrich Mohs in 1822, measures mineral hardness on a scale from 1 to 10. Diamond (hardness 10) is the hardest, followed by ruby and sapphire (hardness 9). Understanding the hardness of various gemstones such as emerald (hardness 7.5-8) and amethyst (hardness 7) helps determine appropriate handling methods and suitability for daily wear. In addition to hardness, toughness (resistance to breaking) and stability are also important factors.

gemstone Mohs hardness diamond ruby sapphire emerald amethyst jewelry mineral

[
  {
    "code": "10",
    "slug": "diamond",
    "name": "Diamond",
    "description": "The hardest natural substance on Earth. Vickers hardness of 7,000-8,500, approximately 4 times harder than corundum.",
    "mineralGroup": "Diamond",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "4",
      "ja": "4月",
      "en": "April"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "9",
    "slug": "ruby",
    "name": "Ruby",
    "description": "A variety of corundum that appears red due to chromium content. Has a hardness of 9, second only to diamond.",
    "mineralGroup": "Corundum",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "7",
      "ja": "7月",
      "en": "July"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "9",
    "slug": "sapphire",
    "name": "Sapphire",
    "description": "A variety of corundum that appears blue due to iron and titanium content. Has the same hardness of 9 as ruby.",
    "mineralGroup": "Corundum",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "9",
      "ja": "9月",
      "en": "September"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "7.5-8",
    "slug": "emerald",
    "name": "Emerald",
    "description": "A variety of beryl that appears green due to chromium and vanadium content. Hardness ranges from 7.5 to 8.",
    "mineralGroup": "Beryl",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "5",
      "ja": "5月",
      "en": "May"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "7",
    "slug": "amethyst",
    "name": "Amethyst",
    "description": "A variety of quartz that appears purple due to trace iron content. Also known as purple crystal.",
    "mineralGroup": "Quartz",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "2",
      "ja": "2月",
      "en": "February"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "8",
    "slug": "topaz",
    "name": "Topaz",
    "description": "A silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine. Imperial topaz is a valuable yellow to orange gemstone.",
    "mineralGroup": "Topaz",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "11",
      "ja": "11月",
      "en": "November"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "7",
    "slug": "aquamarine",
    "name": "Aquamarine",
    "description": "A variety of beryl that appears aqua to blue due to iron content. Same mineral group as emerald.",
    "mineralGroup": "Beryl",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "3",
      "ja": "3月",
      "en": "March"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "6.5-7.5",
    "slug": "garnet",
    "name": "Garnet",
    "description": "A group of silicate minerals with various colored varieties including pyrope, almandine, and spessartine.",
    "mineralGroup": "Garnet",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "1",
      "ja": "1月",
      "en": "January"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "7",
    "slug": "jade",
    "name": "Jade",
    "description": "Two types exist: jadeite and nephrite. One of the most revered gemstones in Japan since ancient times.",
    "mineralGroup": "Pyroxene (jadeite) or Amphibole (nephrite)",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "5",
      "ja": "5月",
      "en": "May"
    }
  },
  {
    "code": "6.5-7",
    "slug": "peridot",
    "name": "Peridot",
    "description": "Gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine. Characterized by vivid yellow-green to olive green color.",
    "mineralGroup": "Olivine",
    "birthstone": {
      "month": "8",
      "ja": "8月",
      "en": "August"
    }
  }
]