INI
Historical Era Classifications - INI
Historical era classifications are an important framework for understanding history systematically. World history commonly uses a five-period division (Ancient, Medieval, Early Modern, Modern, and Contemporary), while Japanese history employs a six-period division (Prehistoric, Ancient, Medieval, Early Modern, Modern, and Contemporary). Each era is classified based on changes in political systems, economic structures, and cultural patterns, and is widely used in historical education and research.
history
era classification
Japanese history
world history
timeline
ancient
medieval
modern
[item.prehistoric-japan]
code=J01
slug=prehistoric-japan
name=Prehistoric Period
description=The era before writing. From the Paleolithic to the Yayoi period.
period=c. 30,000 BCE - mid 3rd century CE
region=japan
subEras=[{"name":"Paleolithic Period","period":"c. 30,000 - 14,000 BCE"},{"name":"Jomon Period","period":"c. 14,000 BCE - 4th century BCE"},{"name":"Yayoi Period","period":"4th century BCE - mid 3rd century CE"}]
[item.ancient-japan]
code=J02
slug=ancient-japan
name=Ancient Period
description=The era of ritsuryo state formation and aristocratic politics.
period=mid 3rd century - 1184 CE
region=japan
subEras=[{"name":"Kofun Period","period":"mid 3rd century - 538 CE"},{"name":"Asuka Period","period":"538 - 710 CE"},{"name":"Nara Period","period":"710 - 794 CE"},{"name":"Heian Period","period":"794 - 1184 CE"}]
[item.medieval-japan]
code=J03
slug=medieval-japan
name=Medieval Period
description=From the establishment of warrior government to the Warring States period.
period=1185 - 1603 CE
region=japan
subEras=[{"name":"Kamakura Period","period":"1185 - 1333 CE"},{"name":"Northern and Southern Courts Period","period":"1336 - 1392 CE"},{"name":"Muromachi Period","period":"1336 - 1573 CE"},{"name":"Sengoku Period","period":"1467 - 1568/1603 CE"},{"name":"Azuchi-Momoyama Period","period":"1573 - 1603 CE"}]
[item.early-modern-japan]
code=J04
slug=early-modern-japan
name=Early Modern Period
description=The 260 years of peace under the Edo shogunate.
period=1603 - 1868 CE
region=japan
subEras=[{"name":"Edo Period","period":"1603 - 1868 CE"}]
[item.modern-japan]
code=J05
slug=modern-japan
name=Modern Period
description=From the Meiji Restoration to the end of World War II.
period=1868 - 1945 CE
region=japan
subEras=[{"name":"Meiji Period","period":"1868 - 1912 CE"},{"name":"Taisho Period","period":"1912 - 1926 CE"},{"name":"Showa Period (Pre-war)","period":"1926 - 1945 CE"}]
[item.contemporary-japan]
code=J06
slug=contemporary-japan
name=Contemporary Period
description=The era of post-war democracy and economic growth.
period=1945 CE - Present
region=japan
subEras=[{"name":"Showa Period (Post-war)","period":"1945 - 1989 CE"},{"name":"Heisei Period","period":"1989 - 2019 CE"},{"name":"Reiwa Period","period":"2019 CE - Present"}]
[item.ancient-world]
code=W01
slug=ancient-world
name=Ancient Period
description=From the birth of civilization to the decline of ancient empires.
period=c. 3500 BCE - 476 CE
region=world
subEras=[{"name":"Prehistoric Age","period":"until c. 3500 BCE"},{"name":"Ancient Orient","period":"c. 3500 BCE -"},{"name":"Ancient Greece","period":"8th century BCE - 323 BCE"},{"name":"Ancient Rome","period":"753 BCE - 476 CE"}]
[item.medieval-world]
code=W02
slug=medieval-world
name=Medieval Period
description=The era of feudal society and the Christian world.
period=476 - 1453/1500 CE
region=world
subEras=[{"name":"Early Middle Ages","period":"476 - c. 1000 CE"},{"name":"High Middle Ages","period":"1000 - 1300 CE"},{"name":"Late Middle Ages","period":"1300 - 1453/1500 CE"}]
[item.early-modern-world]
code=W03
slug=early-modern-world
name=Early Modern Period
description=From the Age of Discovery to the bourgeois revolutions.
period=1453/1500 - 1789 CE
region=world
subEras=[{"name":"Renaissance","period":"14th - 16th centuries"},{"name":"Reformation","period":"1517 CE -"},{"name":"Age of Discovery","period":"15th - 17th centuries"},{"name":"Absolute Monarchy","period":"17th - 18th centuries"}]
[item.modern-world]
code=W04
slug=modern-world
name=Modern Period
description=From the bourgeois revolutions to World War II.
period=1789 - 1945 CE
region=world
subEras=[{"name":"French Revolution","period":"1789 - 1799 CE"},{"name":"Industrial Revolution","period":"late 18th - 19th centuries"},{"name":"Age of Imperialism","period":"late 19th - early 20th centuries"},{"name":"World War I","period":"1914 - 1918 CE"},{"name":"World War II","period":"1939 - 1945 CE"}]
[item.contemporary-world]
code=W05
slug=contemporary-world
name=Contemporary Period
description=From the Cold War to the era of globalization.
period=1945 CE - Present
region=world
subEras=[{"name":"Cold War Era","period":"1947 - 1991 CE"},{"name":"Decolonization","period":"1945 - 1970s"},{"name":"Globalization Era","period":"1991 CE - Present"}]