ノーベル賞受賞者 - YAML

- code: "PHYSICS"
  slug: "nobel-prize-physics"
  name: "ノーベル物理学賞"
  description: "物理学分野で最も重要な発見または発明を成した人物に授与される賞です。"
  establishedYear: 1901
  totalAwards: 119
  totalLaureates: 230
  uniqueIndividuals: 229
  awardingInstitution: "スウェーデン王立科学アカデミー"
  recentLaureates:
    - year: 2025
      laureates:
        - "John Clarke"
        - "Michel H. Devoret"
        - "John M. Martinis"
      citation: "for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit"
    - year: 2024
      laureates:
        - "John J. Hopfield"
        - "Geoffrey Hinton"
      citation: "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks"
    - year: 2023
      laureates:
        - "Pierre Agostini"
        - "Ferenc Krausz"
        - "Anne L'Huillier"
      citation: "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"
    - year: 2022
      laureates:
        - "Alain Aspect"
        - "John Clauser"
        - "Anton Zeilinger"
      citation: "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"
    - year: 2021
      laureates:
        - "Syukuro Manabe"
        - "Klaus Hasselmann"
        - "Giorgio Parisi"
      citation: "for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems"
- code: "CHEMISTRY"
  slug: "nobel-prize-chemistry"
  name: "ノーベル化学賞"
  description: "化学分野で最も重要な発見または改良を成した人物に授与される賞です。"
  establishedYear: 1901
  totalAwards: 117
  totalLaureates: 200
  uniqueIndividuals: 198
  awardingInstitution: "スウェーデン王立科学アカデミー"
  recentLaureates:
    - year: 2025
      laureates:
        - "Susumu Kitagawa"
        - "Richard Robson"
        - "Omar M. Yaghi"
      citation: "for the development of metal-organic frameworks"
    - year: 2024
      laureates:
        - "David Baker"
        - "Demis Hassabis"
        - "John Jumper"
      citation: "for computational protein design and protein structure prediction"
    - year: 2023
      laureates:
        - "Moungi Bawendi"
        - "Louis Brus"
        - "Aleksey Yekimov"
      citation: "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"
    - year: 2022
      laureates:
        - "Carolyn Bertozzi"
        - "Morten Meldal"
        - "K. Barry Sharpless"
      citation: "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"
    - year: 2021
      laureates:
        - "Benjamin List"
        - "David W.C. MacMillan"
      citation: "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"
- code: "MEDICINE"
  slug: "nobel-prize-medicine"
  name: "ノーベル生理学・医学賞"
  description: "生理学または医学の分野で最も重要な発見を成した人物に授与される賞です。"
  establishedYear: 1901
  totalAwards: 116
  totalLaureates: 232
  uniqueIndividuals: 229
  awardingInstitution: "カロリンスカ研究所ノーベル委員会"
  recentLaureates:
    - year: 2025
      laureates:
        - "Mary E. Brunkow"
        - "Fred Ramsdell"
        - "Shimon Sakaguchi"
      citation: "for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"
    - year: 2024
      laureates:
        - "Victor Ambros"
        - "Gary Ruvkun"
      citation: "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"
    - year: 2023
      laureates:
        - "Katalin Karikó"
        - "Drew Weissman"
      citation: "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"
    - year: 2022
      laureates:
        - "Svante Pääbo"
      citation: "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution"
    - year: 2021
      laureates:
        - "David Julius"
        - "Ardem Patapoutian"
      citation: "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
- code: "LITERATURE"
  slug: "nobel-prize-literature"
  name: "ノーベル文学賞"
  description: "文学の分野で理想的な傾向をもって最も優れた作品を創作した人物に授与される賞です。"
  establishedYear: 1901
  totalAwards: 118
  totalLaureates: 122
  uniqueIndividuals: 122
  awardingInstitution: "スウェーデン・アカデミー"
  recentLaureates:
    - year: 2025
      laureates:
        - "László Krasznahorkai"
      citation: "for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art"
    - year: 2024
      laureates:
        - "Han Kang"
      citation: "for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life"
    - year: 2023
      laureates:
        - "Jon Fosse"
      citation: "for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable"
    - year: 2022
      laureates:
        - "Annie Ernaux"
      citation: "for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory"
    - year: 2021
      laureates:
        - "Abdulrazak Gurnah"
      citation: "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee"
- code: "PEACE"
  slug: "nobel-prize-peace"
  name: "ノーベル平和賞"
  description: "国際的な親善・平和の増進に最も貢献した人物または組織に授与される賞です。"
  establishedYear: 1901
  totalAwards: 106
  totalLaureates: 143
  individualLaureates: 112
  organizationLaureates: 31
  awardingInstitution: "ノルウェー・ノーベル委員会"
  recentLaureates:
    - year: 2025
      laureates:
        - "Maria Corina Machado"
      citation: "for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy"
    - year: 2024
      laureates:
        - "Nihon Hidankyo"
      citation: "for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again"
    - year: 2023
      laureates:
        - "Narges Mohammadi"
      citation: "for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all"
    - year: 2022
      laureates:
        - "Ales Bialiatski"
        - "Memorial"
        - "Center for Civil Liberties"
      citation: "for representing civil society and promoting the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens"
    - year: 2021
      laureates:
        - "Maria Ressa"
        - "Dmitry Muratov"
      citation: "for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace"
- code: "ECONOMICS"
  slug: "nobel-prize-economic-sciences"
  name: "ノーベル経済学賞"
  description: "経済科学の分野で傑出した貢献を成した人物に授与される賞です。"
  establishedYear: 1969
  totalAwards: 57
  totalLaureates: 99
  uniqueIndividuals: 99
  awardingInstitution: "スウェーデン王立科学アカデミー"
  recentLaureates:
    - year: 2025
      laureates:
        - "Joel Mokyr"
        - "Philippe Aghion"
        - "Peter Howitt"
      citation: "for having explained innovation-driven economic growth and the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction"
    - year: 2024
      laureates:
        - "Daron Acemoglu"
        - "Simon Johnson"
        - "James A. Robinson"
      citation: "for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"
    - year: 2023
      laureates:
        - "Claudia Goldin"
      citation: "for having advanced our understanding of women's labour market outcomes"
    - year: 2022
      laureates:
        - "Ben Bernanke"
        - "Douglas Diamond"
        - "Philip Dybvig"
      citation: "for research on banks and financial crises"
    - year: 2021
      laureates:
        - "David Card"
        - "Joshua D. Angrist"
        - "Guido W. Imbens"
      citation: "for their empirical contributions to labour economics and methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"