Structured Lists Directory

TOML

International Environmental Treaties - TOML

International environmental treaties are legal frameworks established to address global environmental issues. Covering diverse fields such as climate change, biodiversity, marine pollution, ozone layer protection, and hazardous waste, countries cooperate under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to conserve the environment. Many treaties were adopted following the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, and new treaties continue to be developed to address emerging environmental challenges.

environmental treaties international agreements climate change biodiversity global environment United Nations environmental protection 
[[items]]
code = "UNFCCC"
slug = "unfccc"
name = "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"
description = "An international framework convention aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations."
adoptedYear = 1992
category = "Climate Change"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1994

[[items]]
code = "KYOTO"
slug = "kyoto-protocol"
name = "Kyoto Protocol"
description = "An international treaty that imposed binding emission reduction obligations on developed countries."
adoptedYear = 1997
category = "Climate Change"
enteredIntoForceYear = 2005

[[items]]
code = "PARIS"
slug = "paris-agreement"
name = "Paris Agreement"
description = "An international agreement aiming to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius."
adoptedYear = 2015
category = "Climate Change"
enteredIntoForceYear = 2016

[[items]]
code = "CBD"
slug = "convention-on-biological-diversity"
name = "Convention on Biological Diversity"
description = "An international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity."
adoptedYear = 1992
category = "Biodiversity"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1993

[[items]]
code = "CITES"
slug = "cites"
name = "Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species"
description = "An international treaty regulating international trade in endangered species."
adoptedYear = 1973
category = "Wildlife Conservation"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1975

[[items]]
code = "RAMSAR"
slug = "ramsar-convention"
name = "Ramsar Convention"
description = "A convention for the protection of wetlands of international importance and waterbird habitats."
adoptedYear = 1971
category = "Wetland Conservation"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1975

[[items]]
code = "MONTREAL"
slug = "montreal-protocol"
name = "Montreal Protocol"
description = "An international agreement for the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances."
adoptedYear = 1987
category = "Ozone Layer Protection"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1989

[[items]]
code = "BASEL"
slug = "basel-convention"
name = "Basel Convention"
description = "An international treaty controlling transboundary movements of hazardous wastes."
adoptedYear = 1989
category = "Waste Management"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1992

[[items]]
code = "STOCKHOLM"
slug = "stockholm-convention"
name = "Stockholm Convention on POPs"
description = "An international treaty regulating persistent organic pollutants (POPs)."
adoptedYear = 2001
category = "Chemicals Management"
enteredIntoForceYear = 2004

[[items]]
code = "MINAMATA"
slug = "minamata-convention"
name = "Minamata Convention on Mercury"
description = "An international treaty regulating mercury emissions and use."
adoptedYear = 2013
category = "Chemicals Management"
enteredIntoForceYear = 2017

[[items]]
code = "UNCCD"
slug = "unccd"
name = "UN Convention to Combat Desertification"
description = "An international convention to combat severe drought and desertification."
adoptedYear = 1994
category = "Land and Soil Conservation"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1996

[[items]]
code = "MARPOL"
slug = "marpol-convention"
name = "MARPOL Convention"
description = "An international convention for the prevention of marine pollution from ships."
adoptedYear = 1973
category = "Marine Environment Protection"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1983

[[items]]
code = "CMS"
slug = "cms-bonn-convention"
name = "Convention on Migratory Species"
description = "An international convention for the conservation of migratory species of wild animals."
adoptedYear = 1979
category = "Wildlife Conservation"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1983

[[items]]
code = "WORLD-HERITAGE"
slug = "world-heritage-convention"
name = "World Heritage Convention"
description = "An international convention for the protection of cultural and natural heritage."
adoptedYear = 1972
category = "Natural and Cultural Heritage Protection"
enteredIntoForceYear = 1975

[[items]]
code = "CARTAGENA"
slug = "cartagena-protocol"
name = "Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety"
description = "A protocol establishing safe transboundary movement of living modified organisms."
adoptedYear = 2000
category = "Biodiversity"
enteredIntoForceYear = 2003

[[items]]
code = "NAGOYA"
slug = "nagoya-protocol"
name = "Nagoya Protocol on ABS"
description = "An international framework on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing."
adoptedYear = 2010
category = "Biodiversity"
enteredIntoForceYear = 2014