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Health Insurance Systems - HTML
Health insurance systems are social institutions designed to reduce citizens' medical expenses and ensure access to healthcare services. They are classified into four major types: the Beveridge Model (national health service), Bismarck Model (social health insurance), National Health Insurance Model, and Out-of-Pocket Model. Each country designs its system according to its national circumstances. Japan adopts the Bismarck Model, achieving universal health coverage through a three-tier structure of employee health insurance, national health insurance, and late-stage elderly medical care system.
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<thead><tr><th>code</th><th>slug</th><th>name</th><th>description</th><th>coverageRate</th><th>examples</th><th>fundingSource</th><th>originCountry</th></tr></thead>
<tbody><tr><td>01</td><td>beveridge-model</td><td>Beveridge Model (National Health Service)</td><td>A healthcare model where the government provides and operates healthcare through tax revenue.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["UK","Spain","Sweden","Norway","New Zealand","Cuba","Hong Kong"]</td><td>General taxation</td><td>United Kingdom</td></tr>
<tr><td>02</td><td>bismarck-model</td><td>Bismarck Model (Social Health Insurance)</td><td>A social insurance model where employers and employees share insurance premium contributions.</td><td>85-99%</td><td>["Germany","Japan","France","Netherlands","Belgium","Switzerland"]</td><td>Employer and employee contributions (payroll deductions)</td><td>Germany</td></tr>
<tr><td>03</td><td>national-health-insurance-model</td><td>National Health Insurance Model</td><td>A hybrid model where the government acts as the insurer while private providers deliver services.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["Canada","Taiwan","South Korea","Australia"]</td><td>Government insurance program (taxes or premiums)</td><td>Canada</td></tr>
<tr><td>04</td><td>out-of-pocket-model</td><td>Out-of-Pocket Model (Market-Based)</td><td>A model without an organized system where individuals pay for healthcare directly.</td><td>Variable (often <50%)</td><td>["Rural Africa","Rural India","Rural China","Cambodia","Burkina Faso"]</td><td>Individual direct payment</td><td>N/A (Developing countries)</td></tr>
<tr><td>05</td><td>japan-employee-insurance</td><td>Japan: Employee Health Insurance (Occupational)</td><td>Japanese health insurance for employees of companies and organizations and their families.</td><td>約60%（日本国内）</td><td>["協会けんぽ","健康保険組合","共済組合","船員保険"]</td><td>Equal employer-employee contributions</td><td>Japan</td></tr>
<tr><td>06</td><td>japan-national-health-insurance</td><td>Japan: National Health Insurance (Regional)</td><td>Japan's regional health insurance for self-employed, farmers, and non-regular workers.</td><td>約27%（日本国内）</td><td>["市町村国保","国民健康保険組合"]</td><td>Household premiums (with national, prefectural, and municipal subsidies)</td><td>Japan</td></tr>
<tr><td>07</td><td>japan-late-stage-elderly</td><td>Japan: Late-Stage Elderly Healthcare System</td><td>Japanese healthcare system for individuals aged 75 and older.</td><td>約16%（75歳以上の全員）</td><td>["後期高齢者医療広域連合"]</td><td>Premiums (with support contributions and public funding)</td><td>Japan</td></tr>
<tr><td>08</td><td>uk-nhs</td><td>UK: NHS (National Health Service)</td><td>The world's largest publicly funded healthcare service established in 1948.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["NHS England","NHS Scotland","NHS Wales","HSC Northern Ireland"]</td><td>General taxation and National Insurance contributions</td><td>United Kingdom</td></tr>
<tr><td>09</td><td>germany-gkv-pkv</td><td>Germany: GKV and PKV Dual System</td><td>Germany's healthcare system with coexisting statutory and private health insurance.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["AOK","TK","Barmer","DAK-Gesundheit (GKV)","Allianz","AXA (PKV)"]</td><td>GKV: payroll deductions (employer-employee split) / PKV: individual premiums</td><td>Germany</td></tr>
<tr><td>10</td><td>us-mixed-system</td><td>USA: Mixed Healthcare System</td><td>A complex system with private insurance as the mainstay and government programs for specific populations.</td><td>約92%（未加入者約8%）</td><td>["Medicare","Medicaid","CHIP","VA","Employer-sponsored insurance","ACA Marketplace"]</td><td>Private premiums, government tax revenue, individual payments</td><td>United States</td></tr>
<tr><td>11</td><td>singapore-medisave</td><td>Singapore: Medisave System</td><td>A unique healthcare financing system centered on personal savings accounts.</td><td>100%（Medishield Lifeは強制）</td><td>["Medisave","Medishield Life","Medifund","Integrated Shield Plans"]</td><td>Personal savings (CPF), insurance premiums, government funds</td><td>Singapore</td></tr>
<tr><td>12</td><td>france-universal</td><td>France: Universal Health Coverage</td><td>France's social insurance system renowned for world's highest healthcare access.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["CPAM","CMU-C","mutuelle"]</td><td>Social insurance contributions (payroll), general taxation</td><td>France</td></tr>
<tr><td>13</td><td>canada-medicare</td><td>Canada: Medicare System</td><td>A single-payer public health insurance system operated by provincial governments.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["OHIP (Ontario)","MSP (British Columbia)","RAMQ (Quebec)","AHCIP (Alberta)"]</td><td>Provincial taxes and federal transfers</td><td>Canada</td></tr>
<tr><td>14</td><td>taiwan-nhi</td><td>Taiwan: National Health Insurance (NHI)</td><td>An efficient single-insurer healthcare system introduced in 1995.</td><td>99%以上</td><td>["National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA)"]</td><td>Premiums (employer-employee split for workers), government subsidies, tobacco taxes</td><td>Taiwan</td></tr>
<tr><td>15</td><td>south-korea-nhis</td><td>South Korea: National Health Insurance</td><td>A system introduced in 1977 that achieved universal coverage by 1989.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)","Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA)"]</td><td>Premiums (employer-employee split for workers), government subsidies</td><td>South Korea</td></tr>
<tr><td>16</td><td>australia-medicare</td><td>Australia: Medicare</td><td>A public health insurance scheme introduced in 1984.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["Medicare","Medicare Levy Surcharge","Private Health Insurance Rebate"]</td><td>General taxation (Medicare levy)</td><td>Australia</td></tr>
<tr><td>17</td><td>netherlands-mandatory</td><td>Netherlands: Mandatory Private Insurance</td><td>A mandatory private insurance system introduced in 2006.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["Zorgverzekeringswet (Zvw)","Zorginstituut Nederland"]</td><td>Individual premiums, income-related premiums, government subsidies</td><td>Netherlands</td></tr>
<tr><td>18</td><td>switzerland-mandatory</td><td>Switzerland: Mandatory Health Insurance</td><td>A mandatory private insurance system introduced in 1996.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["KVG/LAMal","Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)"]</td><td>Individual premiums, cantonal subsidies</td><td>Switzerland</td></tr>
<tr><td>19</td><td>sweden-regional</td><td>Sweden: Regional Public System</td><td>A tax-funded public healthcare system operated by regional governments.</td><td>99-100%</td><td>["Region Stockholm","Region Skane","Vastra Gotalandsregionen"]</td><td>County and municipal taxes, national subsidies</td><td>Sweden</td></tr>
<tr><td>20</td><td>private-supplementary</td><td>Private Health Insurance (Supplementary)</td><td>Private health insurance that supplements public health insurance.</td><td>各国・各制度により異なる</td><td>["Cancer insurance","Advanced medical care riders","Private hospital rooms","International health insurance"]</td><td>Individual premiums</td><td>Various countries</td></tr></tbody>
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