TSV
Health Insurance Systems - TSV
Health insurance systems are social institutions designed to reduce citizens' medical expenses and ensure access to healthcare services. They are classified into four major types: the Beveridge Model (national health service), Bismarck Model (social health insurance), National Health Insurance Model, and Out-of-Pocket Model. Each country designs its system according to its national circumstances. Japan adopts the Bismarck Model, achieving universal health coverage through a three-tier structure of employee health insurance, national health insurance, and late-stage elderly medical care system.
health insurance
social security
healthcare system
universal health coverage
medical insurance
social insurance
healthcare costs
code slug name description coverageRate examples fundingSource originCountry
01 beveridge-model Beveridge Model (National Health Service) A healthcare model where the government provides and operates healthcare through tax revenue. 99-100% ["UK","Spain","Sweden","Norway","New Zealand","Cuba","Hong Kong"] General taxation United Kingdom
02 bismarck-model Bismarck Model (Social Health Insurance) A social insurance model where employers and employees share insurance premium contributions. 85-99% ["Germany","Japan","France","Netherlands","Belgium","Switzerland"] Employer and employee contributions (payroll deductions) Germany
03 national-health-insurance-model National Health Insurance Model A hybrid model where the government acts as the insurer while private providers deliver services. 99-100% ["Canada","Taiwan","South Korea","Australia"] Government insurance program (taxes or premiums) Canada
04 out-of-pocket-model Out-of-Pocket Model (Market-Based) A model without an organized system where individuals pay for healthcare directly. Variable (often <50%) ["Rural Africa","Rural India","Rural China","Cambodia","Burkina Faso"] Individual direct payment N/A (Developing countries)
05 japan-employee-insurance Japan: Employee Health Insurance (Occupational) Japanese health insurance for employees of companies and organizations and their families. 約60%（日本国内） ["協会けんぽ","健康保険組合","共済組合","船員保険"] Equal employer-employee contributions Japan
06 japan-national-health-insurance Japan: National Health Insurance (Regional) Japan's regional health insurance for self-employed, farmers, and non-regular workers. 約27%（日本国内） ["市町村国保","国民健康保険組合"] Household premiums (with national, prefectural, and municipal subsidies) Japan
07 japan-late-stage-elderly Japan: Late-Stage Elderly Healthcare System Japanese healthcare system for individuals aged 75 and older. 約16%（75歳以上の全員） ["後期高齢者医療広域連合"] Premiums (with support contributions and public funding) Japan
08 uk-nhs UK: NHS (National Health Service) The world's largest publicly funded healthcare service established in 1948. 99-100% ["NHS England","NHS Scotland","NHS Wales","HSC Northern Ireland"] General taxation and National Insurance contributions United Kingdom
09 germany-gkv-pkv Germany: GKV and PKV Dual System Germany's healthcare system with coexisting statutory and private health insurance. 99-100% ["AOK","TK","Barmer","DAK-Gesundheit (GKV)","Allianz","AXA (PKV)"] GKV: payroll deductions (employer-employee split) / PKV: individual premiums Germany
10 us-mixed-system USA: Mixed Healthcare System A complex system with private insurance as the mainstay and government programs for specific populations. 約92%（未加入者約8%） ["Medicare","Medicaid","CHIP","VA","Employer-sponsored insurance","ACA Marketplace"] Private premiums, government tax revenue, individual payments United States
11 singapore-medisave Singapore: Medisave System A unique healthcare financing system centered on personal savings accounts. 100%（Medishield Lifeは強制） ["Medisave","Medishield Life","Medifund","Integrated Shield Plans"] Personal savings (CPF), insurance premiums, government funds Singapore
12 france-universal France: Universal Health Coverage France's social insurance system renowned for world's highest healthcare access. 99-100% ["CPAM","CMU-C","mutuelle"] Social insurance contributions (payroll), general taxation France
13 canada-medicare Canada: Medicare System A single-payer public health insurance system operated by provincial governments. 99-100% ["OHIP (Ontario)","MSP (British Columbia)","RAMQ (Quebec)","AHCIP (Alberta)"] Provincial taxes and federal transfers Canada
14 taiwan-nhi Taiwan: National Health Insurance (NHI) An efficient single-insurer healthcare system introduced in 1995. 99%以上 ["National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA)"] Premiums (employer-employee split for workers), government subsidies, tobacco taxes Taiwan
15 south-korea-nhis South Korea: National Health Insurance A system introduced in 1977 that achieved universal coverage by 1989. 99-100% ["National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)","Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA)"] Premiums (employer-employee split for workers), government subsidies South Korea
16 australia-medicare Australia: Medicare A public health insurance scheme introduced in 1984. 99-100% ["Medicare","Medicare Levy Surcharge","Private Health Insurance Rebate"] General taxation (Medicare levy) Australia
17 netherlands-mandatory Netherlands: Mandatory Private Insurance A mandatory private insurance system introduced in 2006. 99-100% ["Zorgverzekeringswet (Zvw)","Zorginstituut Nederland"] Individual premiums, income-related premiums, government subsidies Netherlands
18 switzerland-mandatory Switzerland: Mandatory Health Insurance A mandatory private insurance system introduced in 1996. 99-100% ["KVG/LAMal","Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)"] Individual premiums, cantonal subsidies Switzerland
19 sweden-regional Sweden: Regional Public System A tax-funded public healthcare system operated by regional governments. 99-100% ["Region Stockholm","Region Skane","Vastra Gotalandsregionen"] County and municipal taxes, national subsidies Sweden
20 private-supplementary Private Health Insurance (Supplementary) Private health insurance that supplements public health insurance. 各国・各制度により異なる ["Cancer insurance","Advanced medical care riders","Private hospital rooms","International health insurance"] Individual premiums Various countries