TOML
Propp's 31 Narrative Functions in Morphology of the Folktale - TOML
Propp's 31 functions are a narrative structure analysis system proposed by Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp in his 1928 work 'Morphology of the Folktale'. By analyzing 100 Russian wonder tales, he identified 31 narrative functions common to all folktales. These functions always appear in the same sequence and form the skeleton of the narrative. This theory has influenced many fields including narratology, semiotics, screenwriting, and game design, becoming foundational to structuralist narrative analysis.
narratology
folklore
structuralism
folktale
Russian
morphology
functional analysis
[[items]]
code = "01"
slug = "absentation"
name = "Absentation"
description = "A member of the family absents themselves from home."
narrativeSphere = "Introduction"
symbol = "β"
[[items]]
code = "02"
slug = "interdiction"
name = "Interdiction"
description = "An interdiction or prohibition is addressed to the hero."
narrativeSphere = "Introduction"
symbol = "γ"
[[items]]
code = "03"
slug = "violation"
name = "Violation"
description = "The interdiction is violated."
narrativeSphere = "Introduction"
symbol = "δ"
[[items]]
code = "04"
slug = "reconnaissance"
name = "Reconnaissance"
description = "The villain attempts to obtain information about the hero or victim."
narrativeSphere = "Introduction"
symbol = "ε"
[[items]]
code = "05"
slug = "delivery"
name = "Delivery"
description = "The villain gains the information they sought."
narrativeSphere = "Introduction"
symbol = "ζ"
[[items]]
code = "06"
slug = "trickery"
name = "Trickery"
description = "The villain uses deception to gain advantage over the hero."
narrativeSphere = "Introduction"
symbol = "η"
[[items]]
code = "07"
slug = "complicity"
name = "Complicity"
description = "The victim submits to deception and unwittingly helps the villain."
narrativeSphere = "Introduction"
symbol = "θ"
[[items]]
code = "08"
slug = "villainy-or-lack"
name = "Villainy or Lack"
description = "The villain causes harm, or a lack/deficiency is recognized."
narrativeSphere = "Body/Complication"
symbol = "A/a"
[[items]]
code = "09"
slug = "mediation"
name = "Mediation"
description = "Misfortune becomes known and the hero is called upon for help."
narrativeSphere = "Body/Complication"
symbol = "B"
[[items]]
code = "10"
slug = "counteraction"
name = "Beginning Counter-Action"
description = "The hero agrees to undertake counter-action against the misfortune."
narrativeSphere = "Body/Complication"
symbol = "B↑"
[[items]]
code = "11"
slug = "departure"
name = "Departure"
description = "The hero leaves home to begin the quest."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "↑"
[[items]]
code = "12"
slug = "first-function-of-donor"
name = "First Function of the Donor"
description = "The hero is tested or challenged by a donor figure."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "D"
[[items]]
code = "13"
slug = "heros-reaction"
name = "Hero's Reaction"
description = "The hero reacts to the donor's test, passing or failing."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "E"
[[items]]
code = "14"
slug = "receipt-of-magical-agent"
name = "Receipt of a Magical Agent"
description = "The hero acquires a magical object, weapon, or helper."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "F"
[[items]]
code = "15"
slug = "spatial-transfer"
name = "Spatial Transfer"
description = "The hero is transported to the location of the object of search."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "G"
[[items]]
code = "16"
slug = "struggle"
name = "Struggle"
description = "The hero and villain engage in direct combat or contest."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "H"
[[items]]
code = "17"
slug = "branding"
name = "Branding"
description = "The hero receives a mark, scar, or wound during the struggle."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "I"
[[items]]
code = "18"
slug = "victory"
name = "Victory"
description = "The villain is defeated, killed, or overcome."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "I"
[[items]]
code = "19"
slug = "liquidation-of-lack"
name = "Liquidation of Lack"
description = "The initial misfortune or lack is resolved."
narrativeSphere = "Donor Sequence/Main Quest"
symbol = "K"
[[items]]
code = "20"
slug = "return"
name = "Return"
description = "The hero returns home or to another location."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "↓"
[[items]]
code = "21"
slug = "pursuit"
name = "Pursuit"
description = "The hero is pursued by the villain or their agent."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "Pr"
[[items]]
code = "22"
slug = "rescue"
name = "Rescue"
description = "The hero is rescued from pursuit through various means."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "Rs"
[[items]]
code = "23"
slug = "unrecognized-arrival"
name = "Unrecognized Arrival"
description = "The hero arrives home but is not recognized."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "O"
[[items]]
code = "24"
slug = "unfounded-claims"
name = "Unfounded Claims"
description = "A false hero presents unfounded claims to the hero's achievements."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "L"
[[items]]
code = "25"
slug = "difficult-task"
name = "Difficult Task"
description = "A difficult task is proposed to prove the hero's identity."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "T"
[[items]]
code = "26"
slug = "solution"
name = "Solution"
description = "The hero accomplishes the difficult task."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "T"
[[items]]
code = "27"
slug = "recognition"
name = "Recognition"
description = "The hero is recognized by their mark or through solving the task."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "Q"
[[items]]
code = "28"
slug = "exposure"
name = "Exposure"
description = "The false hero or villain is exposed and revealed."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "Ex"
[[items]]
code = "29"
slug = "transfiguration"
name = "Transfiguration"
description = "The hero is given a new appearance through transformation."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "T"
[[items]]
code = "30"
slug = "punishment"
name = "Punishment"
description = "The villain is punished for their deeds."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "U"
[[items]]
code = "31"
slug = "wedding"
name = "Wedding"
description = "The hero is married and/or ascends the throne."
narrativeSphere = "Hero's Return"
symbol = "W"