INI

Major Schools of Psychology - INI

The major schools of psychology provide different approaches to understanding the human mind and behavior. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, psychoanalysis explores unconscious processes, cognitive psychology studies information processing mechanisms, and humanistic psychology emphasizes human growth and self-actualization. These schools complement each other while forming the foundation of modern psychology.

psychology behaviorism psychoanalysis cognitive psychology humanistic psychology schools of thought psychotherapy

[item.behaviorism]
code=01
slug=behaviorism
name=Behaviorism
description=A school of psychology that studies only observable behavior, excluding internal mental processes.
founder=John B. Watson
keyConcepts=["Classical conditioning","Operant conditioning","Reinforcement","S-R theory","Environmental determinism"]
keyFigures=["B.F. Skinner","Ivan Pavlov","Edward L. Thorndike"]
period=1913 - present

[item.psychoanalysis]
code=02
slug=psychoanalysis
name=Psychoanalysis
description=A school of psychology that emphasizes the influence of unconscious processes and early experiences on personality and behavior.
founder=Sigmund Freud
keyConcepts=["Unconscious","Id-Ego-Superego","Defense mechanisms","Dream analysis","Libido","Repression"]
keyFigures=["Carl Gustav Jung","Alfred Adler","Anna Freud","Erik Erikson"]
period=1890s - present

[item.cognitive-psychology]
code=03
slug=cognitive-psychology
name=Cognitive Psychology
description=A school of psychology that studies internal information processing processes such as memory, attention, and thinking.
founder=(Multiple researchers)
keyConcepts=["Information processing model","Working memory","Multi-store memory model","Top-down processing","Bottom-up processing"]
keyFigures=["Noam Chomsky","George Miller","Albert Bandura","Alan Baddeley"]
period=1950s - present

[item.humanistic-psychology]
code=04
slug=humanistic-psychology
name=Humanistic Psychology
description=A school of psychology that emphasizes human growth, self-actualization, and free will, based on a positive view of human nature.
founder=Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
keyConcepts=["Self-actualization","Hierarchy of needs","Unconditional positive regard","Empathic understanding","Self-concept","Growth orientation"]
keyFigures=["Rollo May","Viktor Frankl","Clark Moustakas"]
period=1950s - present

[item.gestalt-psychology]
code=05
slug=gestalt-psychology
name=Gestalt Psychology
description=A school based on the idea that 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts,' studying the holistic nature of perception and cognition.
founder=Max Wertheimer
keyConcepts=["Gestalt","Law of pragnanz","Laws of perception","Insight learning","Field theory"]
keyFigures=["Kurt Koffka","Wolfgang Kohler","Fritz Perls"]
period=1910s - present

[item.biological-psychology]
code=06
slug=biological-psychology
name=Biological Psychology
description=A school that studies how biological factors such as the brain, nervous system, and genes influence behavior and psychology.
founder=(Multiple researchers)
keyConcepts=["Neurotransmitters","Brain plasticity","Hebb's law","Localization of brain function","Nature vs. nurture"]
keyFigures=["Donald Hebb","Roger Sperry","Eric Kandel"]
period=Mid-20th century - present