TSV
Vaccine Types - TSV
Vaccine types are classified based on the state of the pathogen and their mechanism of action. Major types include live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit/recombinant/polysaccharide/conjugate vaccines, toxoid vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and mRNA vaccines. Each type has distinct mechanisms of immune response, efficacy, storage requirements, and indications. In recent years, mRNA vaccine technology has rapidly advanced and become as important as traditional vaccine technologies.
vaccine
immunization
immunity
healthcare
public health
infectious disease prevention
code slug name description advantages disadvantages dosesRequired examples mechanism storage
01 live-attenuated Live Attenuated Vaccine Vaccines using weakened live pathogens. ["Strong and long-lasting immune response","Lifelong protection with 1-2 doses typically","Induces mucosal, humoral, and cellular immunity"] ["Contraindicated for immunocompromised individuals","Requires strict cold chain","Remote risk of reversion to virulence"] 1-2回 ["MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella)","Varicella vaccine (chickenpox)","Yellow fever vaccine","Rotavirus vaccine","BCG (tuberculosis)"] Weakened pathogens replicate slightly in the body, inducing an immune response similar to natural infection Frozen or refrigerated (2-8°C)
02 inactivated Inactivated Vaccine Vaccines using killed or inactivated pathogens. ["High safety profile","Can be used in immunocompromised individuals","Relatively easy to store"] ["Weaker immune response","Requires multiple doses and boosters","Minimal cytotoxic T-cell activation"] 2-3回＋ブースター ["Hepatitis A vaccine","Inactivated influenza vaccine","IPV (inactivated polio)","Rabies vaccine","Japanese encephalitis vaccine"] Inactivated pathogens stimulate the immune system without replicating Refrigerated (2-8°C)
03 subunit-recombinant Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccine Vaccines using only specific parts of pathogens. ["Very safe","Suitable for immunocompromised individuals","Batch-to-batch consistency"] ["Less immunogenic","May require adjuvants","Complex production"] 2-3回 ["Hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant)","HPV vaccine (human papillomavirus)","Acellular pertussis","Pneumococcal vaccine (polysaccharide/conjugate)","Hib vaccine"] Uses only specific antigenic parts of the pathogen to induce targeted immune response Refrigerated (2-8°C)
04 toxoid Toxoid Vaccine Vaccines using inactivated bacterial toxins. ["Effective against toxin-mediated diseases","Well-established safety"] ["Requires boosters","Limited to toxin-mediated diseases"] 3回＋ブースター（10年ごと） ["Tetanus toxoid","Diphtheria toxoid"] Induces antibodies against inactivated toxins to neutralize them Refrigerated (2-8°C)
05 viral-vector Viral Vector Vaccine Vaccines using a different virus as a vector. ["Strong cellular immunity","Single dose often sufficient","Thermostable (up to ~28°C)"] ["Pre-existing immunity against the vector","Rare risk of thrombosis","Limited antigen capacity"] 1回（場合により2回） ["AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine","Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine","Ebola vaccine"] Modified virus delivers antigen-coding instructions to host cells for intracellular antigen expression Standard refrigeration (2-8°C)
06 mrna mRNA Vaccine Next-generation vaccines using messenger RNA. ["High efficacy (>90%)","Rapid manufacturing and variant adaptation","No live pathogen used","Cell-free synthetic production"] ["Ultra-cold storage required (some)","Rare risk of myocarditis","Booster doses needed"] 2-3回＋ブースター ["Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine","Moderna COVID-19 vaccine","Moderna RSV vaccine (mRESVIA)"] Synthetic mRNA is taken up by host cells and translated to produce antigen proteins Ultra-cold (-70°C) or frozen (-20°C)
07 dna DNA Vaccine Vaccines using plasmid DNA. ["Thermally stable","Scalable cell-free production","No genomic integration risk"] ["Poor immunogenicity in humans","May need electroporation or special delivery"] 複数回 ["West Nile virus (veterinary)","Zika/HIV (in development)"] Plasmid DNA enters the nucleus, transcribes mRNA, and translates antigens Room temperature to refrigerated