TOML

World Language Family Classifications - TOML

Language family classification is a system for categorizing languages based on their historical relationships. Languages sharing a common ancestral language are grouped into the same language family, with major families including Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, and Uralic. These classifications provide an important framework for understanding the origins, distribution, and evolution of languages.

linguistics language family language classification Indo-European Sino-Tibetan comparative linguistics

[[items]]
code = "IE"
slug = "indo-european"
name = "Indo-European"
description = "The language family with the largest number of speakers, widely used in Europe, India, and the Americas."
distribution = "ヨーロッパ、南アジア、南北アメリカ、オーストラリア"
languageCount = 446
majorLanguages = "[\"英語\",\"スペイン語\",\"ヒンディー語\",\"フランス語\",\"ドイツ語\",\"ロシア語\",\"ポルトガル語\",\"イタリア語\"]"
speakerCount = "33.9億"

[[items]]
code = "ST"
slug = "sino-tibetan"
name = "Sino-Tibetan"
description = "A major East Asian language family including Chinese, characterized by tonal languages."
distribution = "中国大陸、チベット、ミャンマー、台湾"
languageCount = 461
majorLanguages = "[\"中国語（北京語、広東語など）\",\"チベット語\",\"ビルマ語（ミャンマー語）\"]"
speakerCount = "14.7億"

[[items]]
code = "AA"
slug = "afro-asiatic"
name = "Afro-Asiatic"
description = "A language family distributed in North Africa and the Middle East, including Arabic and Hebrew."
distribution = "北アフリカ、東アフリカ、中東"
languageCount = 376
majorLanguages = "[\"アラビア語\",\"ヘブライ語\",\"アムハラ語\",\"ソマリ語\",\"ハウサ語\"]"
speakerCount = "6.68億"

[[items]]
code = "UR"
slug = "uralic"
name = "Uralic"
description = "A language family including Finnish and Hungarian, mainly distributed in Northeast Europe and Siberia."
distribution = "フィンランド、ハンガリー、エストニア、ロシア北部・シベリア"
languageCount = 38
majorLanguages = "[\"フィンランド語\",\"ハンガリー語\",\"エストニア語\",\"サーミ語\"]"
speakerCount = "約2500万"

[[items]]
code = "NC"
slug = "niger-congo"
name = "Niger-Congo"
description = "The language family with the largest number of languages, widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa."
distribution = "サハラ砂漠以南のアフリカ"
languageCount = 1532
majorLanguages = "[\"スワヒリ語\",\"ヨルバ語\",\"ズールー語\",\"イボ語\",\"ハウサ語\"]"
speakerCount = "6.59億"

[[items]]
code = "AN"
slug = "austronesian"
name = "Austronesian"
description = "The language family with the second largest number of languages, distributed from Taiwan to Pacific islands."
distribution = "台湾、東南アジア島嶼部、太平洋諸島、マダガスカル"
languageCount = 1221
majorLanguages = "[\"マレー語\",\"インドネシア語\",\"タガログ語\",\"ジャワ語\",\"ハワイ語\",\"マダガスカル語\"]"
speakerCount = "3.84億"

[[items]]
code = "DR"
slug = "dravidian"
name = "Dravidian"
description = "A language family mainly distributed in South India with a distinct lineage separate from Indo-European."
distribution = "南インド、スリランカ、パキスタン"
languageCount = 80
majorLanguages = "[\"タミル語\",\"テルグ語\",\"カンナダ語\",\"マラヤーラム語\"]"
speakerCount = "約2.5億"

[[items]]
code = "AL"
slug = "altaic"
name = "Altaic"
description = "A proposed language family including Turkish and Mongolian, though its classification remains controversial."
distribution = "中央アジア、シベリア、トルコ"
languageCount = 65
majorLanguages = "[\"トルコ語\",\"モンゴル語\",\"ウズベク語\",\"カザフ語\"]"
speakerCount = "約1.7億"

[[items]]
code = "KO"
slug = "koreanic"
name = "Koreanic"
description = "A language family including Korean, with various theories regarding its genetic classification."
distribution = "朝鮮半島"
languageCount = 2
majorLanguages = "[\"韓国語・朝鮮語\",\"済州語\"]"
speakerCount = "約8000万"

[[items]]
code = "JP"
slug = "japonic"
name = "Japonic"
description = "A language family including Japanese and Ryukyuan languages, with various theories regarding its genetic classification."
distribution = "日本列島"
languageCount = 12
majorLanguages = "[\"日本語\",\"沖縄語\",\"宮古語\",\"八重山語\"]"
speakerCount = "約1.25億"

[[items]]
code = "AU"
slug = "austroasiatic"
name = "Austroasiatic"
description = "A language family distributed in mainland Southeast Asia, including Vietnamese and Khmer."
distribution = "東南アジア大陸部、インド中部"
languageCount = 170
majorLanguages = "[\"ベトナム語\",\"クメール語（カンボジア語）\",\"モン語\"]"
speakerCount = "約9500万"

[[items]]
code = "KS"
slug = "khoisan"
name = "Khoisan"
description = "A language family distributed in southern Africa, characterized by languages with click consonants."
distribution = "ナミビア、ボツワナ、南アフリカ"
languageCount = 30
majorLanguages = "[\"コイコイ語\",\"サン語（ブッシュマン語）\"]"
speakerCount = "約30万"